CSIR UGC NET

Pressure, Temperature, and Density Variations in the Earth

PLANET EARTH /

The Earth’s internal structure is defined by systematic variations in pressure, temperature, and density. These parameters not only describe the physical conditions at different depths but also control processes such as mantle convection, volcanism, plate tectonics, and the geodynamo. A key concept in understanding Earth’s thermal structure is the geothermal gradient, which explains how temperature […]

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Age of the Earth

PLANET EARTH /

The Earth is about 4.54 billion years old, formed soon after the birth of the Solar System. This age is calculated primarily by radiometric dating of meteorites, Moon rocks, and the oldest terrestrial minerals (zircons). To understand Earth’s history in detail, geologists divide this immense span of time into hierarchical units: Eons → Eras →

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Composition of Earth

PLANET EARTH /

The Earth is a heterogeneous body where chemical elements are unevenly distributed across its major reservoirs: crust, mantle, core, hydrosphere (oceans), and atmosphere. Crust (Continental + Oceanic) The Earth’s crust is dominated by silicate minerals. Elements occur mostly in oxides, silicates, carbonates, and sulfates. Major elements (by weight %): Mantle Dominated by ultramafic rocks (peridotite)

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Eutrophication

CLIMATOLOGY/ METEROLOGY ARTICLES /

Eutrophication is the excessive enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), leading to overgrowth of algal and subsequent ecological problems. Causes of Eutrophication Consequences of Eutrophication Prevention & Solution Water Quality Decline Cloudy, greenish water reduces sunlight penetration. Reduce Fertilizer Use Use oraganic alternatives, controlled-release fertilizers. Harmful Algal Blooms Some

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Richardson Number (3 types)

1 Comment / CLIMATOLOGY/ METEROLOGY ARTICLES, CSIR UGC NET /

Richardson number that is also called the mixing efficiency of stratified turbulence. It is important in determining the flows like ocean circulation, air-sea transport or air turbulence. A lower value indicates a higher degree of turbulence. Flux Richardson Number In a static stable environment, turbulent vertical motions are acting against the restoring force of gravity.

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