Global overturning circulation is responsible for the transport of carbon and heat among the ocean basins and between the ocean and the atmosphere. The GOC can be conceptualized primarily into two connected overturning as follows – These two circulation cells are interconnected via upwelling in the southern ocean where deep water are mixed in the […]
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Marine isotope stages (MIS), marine oxygen-isotope stages, or oxygen isotope stages (OIS) are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth’s paleoclimate, deducted from oxygen isotope data derived from deep sea core samples. Working backwards from the present, MIS 1 in the scale, stages with even numbers have high levels of O18 and represents cold
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Sapropel is a term used in marine geology to describe dark-colored sediments that are rich in organic matter. Sapropels events occurs periodically (around each 21000yr) and are specific to the Mediterranean sea. Organic carbon concentration in sapropels commonly exceeds 2% in weight. Their occurrence has been found to be related of the Earth’s orbital parameter.
Method Measured parameter Used physical property Suitable deposits type Seismic Travel time of reflected & refracted waves Density and Elastic modeVelocity and Acoustic Coal, Oil, Gas, Groundwater, Layered sedimentary basin, Ni- Cu- PGE in volcanic basal flows Gravity Gravity(Variation in earth’s gravitational field) Density contrast between the surrounding and host rock Massive sulfides, Chromite, Ni-Cu-
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Type of deposits Pathfinder element Gold- Silver vein type, Gold- Silver- Cobalt- Copper- Zinc and complex sulfide ores As W- Be- Zn- Mo- Cu- Pb- Skarns,Sn- Ba veins B Cu- Pb- Zn- Silver & Complex sulfide deposits Hg, Zn Ba- Ag vein deposit, Porphyry Cu Mn Wolframite- Tin contact metamorphic deposits Mo Porphyry Cu, Barium-
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Dry-line is a boundary that separates a moist air mass from a dry air mass. Also called a “Dew point front” because shape changes in dew point temperature can be observed across a dry line. Drylines are most commonly found just east of the Rocky Mountains, separating a warm, moist air mass to the east
Feldspars are the abundant minerals that occurs in igneous rocks, and alumina is one of the most important element in the feldspars. Thus alumina saturation is based on weather there is an excess or lack of Al to make up the feldspars – Based on the relative amount of K2O, Na2O, CaO and Al2O3 the
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The oceans transport vast amounts of water, heat and salt across entire ocean basins and from low to high latitudes. As the ocean basins the gateways between them evolve over tectonic timescale, so does the circulation. These tectonic induced changes in ocean circulation plays an important role in some of the major climatic events. These
Polar Stratospheric Clouds are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at latitudes of 15,000-25,000 m. The stratosphere is very dry, it rarely allows to form clouds. These high altitude clouds form only at very low temperatures helps destroy ozone in two ways : By providing surface to reactive chlorine, and removing nitrogen that moderates chlorine
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Wind is the movement of air, caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and the Earth’s own rotation. Winds range from light breezes to natural hazards such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Generally on the basis of scale wind is classified into 5 types – Molecular and eddy viscosity :- When a fluid
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