In the distillation process, petroleum is separated into different molecular groups : C1– C4 Gas C5– C10 Gasoline C11– C13 Kerosine C14– C18 Diesel fuel (light gas oil) C19– C25 Heavy gas oil C26– C40 Lubricating oil > C40 Residuum Natural Gas : Natural gas usually consists mostly of methane (CH4) but may contain variable […]
Distillation of Petroleum / Biproducts Read More »
Petroleum and natural gas are mixtures of hydrocarbons. On average, they consist of 85% C, 13% H and 2% N,S and (all weight %). The main components of natural hydrocarbons belongs to three groups : Paraffins : or n-alkanes with general formula CnH2n-2. for n = 1 to 4 these are gases, from n =
Composition of Petroleum/Oil/Hydrocarbon Read More »
An X- ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer is an x ray instrument used for routine, relatively non-destructive chemical analysis of rocks, minerals, sediments and fluids. It works on wavelength-dispersive spectroscopic principles that are similar to an electron microprobe (EPMA). However, an XRF is used for bulk analysis of larger fractions of geological materials. The relative ease
X – Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Read More »
X- ray diffraction is a common technique that determine a sample’s composition or crystalline structure. For large crystals such it can be used to determine the structure of atoms within the sample. If crystal size is too small, it can determine composition, crystallinity, and phase purity. Bragg’s law reflection. The diffracted x-rays exhibit constructive interference
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Read More »
Water requires a non gaseous surface to make a transition from a vapor to a liquid. Cloud Condensation Nuclei or CCN (also known as cloud seeds) are small particles about which cloud droplets coalesce. When no CCN is present, water vapor can be supercooled below 00C before droplets spontaneously form. In the above freezing temperatures
CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI/ CLOUD SEEDING Read More »
This plot shows the average current velocities necessary for the erosion, transportation and deposition of the sediment particles of different sizes. The lower curve on the diagram, it shows that once eroded and moving a clay particle, but not a fine particles of sand can be transported by a week current. This is because the
HJULSTROM’S DIAGRAM Read More »
The slope of the sea floor greatly influences how quickly the sea floor affects the waves as the waves get closer to shore, and therefore how the waves break. A critical wave steepness occurs where the wavelength is 7 times the height of the wave and after that wave becomes unstable and breaks. There are
OCEAN WAVE BREAKERS Read More »
In adjusting to change in discharge and erodibility of it’s bed, a stream modifies it’s channel so that irregularities are minimized and the least energy is expended in the movement in of water and sediments along its course. Frequently this involves enlargement of the channel cross section by erosion or reductions of it’s dimensions through
CONCEPT OF GRADE AND GRADED STREAMS Read More »
Click here to know more about till deposits
CHARACTERISTICS OF TILL DEPOSITS Read More »
The unstratified, unsorted debris dropped more or less randomly by the glaciers is called till. Tills can be of two types – It is laid down subglacially when debris is released directly from the sole of the ice. This involves pressure melting of basal so that debris in it is released and then lodges or
