Manganese (Mn) Deposits
Important minerals : Type of Deposits : Indian Deposits :- Andhra Pradesh Kodurite Kalahandi and Koraput Precambrian iron ore series
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GEO-ARTICLES
Pseudomorphism
Pseudomorphism is the existence of a mineral that has the appearance of another mineral. Pseudomorph means false form. Pseudomorphism occurs when a mineral alters in such a way that its internal structure and chemical composition changed but its external form is preserved. These mechanism of pseudomorphisms can be explained as follows :-
Chemical Weathering and its type
Chemical weathering may be defined as the spontaneous and irreversible thermodynamic process that causes degradation of the mineral phases under the prevailing environmental conditions at the surface of the Earth. It is usually considered to be the solid/solution interactive process occurring in contact with the atmosphere. In other words chemical weathering may be defined as that set of processes
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Reflection and Refraction of Seismic Waves
If composition (or physical properties) changes abruptly at some interface, then seismic wave will both reflect off the interface and refract (or bend) and they pass through the interface. Two cases of wave refraction and reflection can be recognized. Reflection : A seismic reflection is generated when a wave impinges on a change in rock
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Distillation of Petroleum / Biproducts
In the distillation process, petroleum is separated into different molecular groups : C1– C4 Gas C5– C10 Gasoline C11– C13 Kerosine C14– C18 Diesel fuel (light gas oil) C19– C25 Heavy gas oil C26– C40 Lubricating oil > C40 Residuum Natural Gas : Natural gas usually consists mostly of methane (CH4) but may contain variable
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Composition of Petroleum/Oil/Hydrocarbon
Petroleum and natural gas are mixtures of hydrocarbons. On average, they consist of 85% C, 13% H and 2% N,S and (all weight %). The main components of natural hydrocarbons belongs to three groups : Paraffins : or n-alkanes with general formula CnH2n-2. for n = 1 to 4 these are gases, from n =
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X – Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
An X- ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer is an x ray instrument used for routine, relatively non-destructive chemical analysis of rocks, minerals, sediments and fluids. It works on wavelength-dispersive spectroscopic principles that are similar to an electron microprobe (EPMA). However, an XRF is used for bulk analysis of larger fractions of geological materials. The relative ease
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X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
X- ray diffraction is a common technique that determine a sample’s composition or crystalline structure. For large crystals such it can be used to determine the structure of atoms within the sample. If crystal size is too small, it can determine composition, crystallinity, and phase purity. Bragg’s law reflection. The diffracted x-rays exhibit constructive interference
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CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI/ CLOUD SEEDING
Water requires a non gaseous surface to make a transition from a vapor to a liquid. Cloud Condensation Nuclei or CCN (also known as cloud seeds) are small particles about which cloud droplets coalesce. When no CCN is present, water vapor can be supercooled below 00C before droplets spontaneously form. In the above freezing temperatures
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