Mantle subdivision : In the PREM seismic model, the boundary between the upper mantle and the lower mantle is accepted at a depth of 670km, where seismic velocities and density increases. This discontinuity is related to the transition of olivine from the ringwoodite phase into the mixture of perovskite and mangnesiowustite. In the Pyrolite model, […]
Mineral Phase transition in Mantle Read More »
Hypsometric curve shows the percentage of the Earth’s surface above any elevation. The horizontal axis, labeled “% of Earth’s surface,” gives the percentage while the vertical axis shows elevation above or below sea level. Hypsometry vs Bathymetry : Hypsometry is The measurement of land elevation (MSL) while Bathymetry is the measurement of underwater elevation. How to
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Ground Water development is a ratio of the available ground water extraction to the net annual ground-water availability. Classification :
Ground Water Development Zones Read More »
There are many types of Hydrograph based on the uses like Unit hydrograph Unit Hydrograph : The Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the simplest but at the same time a very powerful tool for hydrological analysis in general and flood forecasting. A unit hydrograph is a hydrograph of surface runoff that would result at a given
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The hydrograph is a way of representing the water level over time. A hydrograph plot may display stage, streamflow, and sometimes both. Hydrographs can be a helpful way to show water level observations and forecasts visually on a single graphic. The rate of flow is typically expressed in cubic meters per second. Hydrographs often relate changes
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Common minerals : Galena, Garnet, Fluorite, Magnetite Classes of the system Unit forms of Normal class : Form No. of faces Miller Indices Cube 6 100 Rhombdodecahedron 12 110 Dodecahedron 8 111 Tetrahexahedron 24 hko (210) Trisoctahedron 24 hhl (221) Trapezohedron 24 hll (211) Hexoctahedron 48 hkl (123)
Cubic System and Crystal Forms Read More »
We describe the optical properties of the biaxial minerals in terms of three mutually perpendicular directions : X, Y and Z Therefore we can say that “α” has the lowest RI, “β” has the intermediate RI and “γ” has the highest RI, “γ” being highest must be vibrating perpendicular to the optic axis. Optic Plane
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An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth’s rotation. Three forces cause the circulation of a gyre: global wind patterns, Earth’s rotation, and Earth’s landmasses. Wind drags on the ocean surface, causing water to move in the direction the wind is blowing. Earth’s rotation deflects, or changes the direction of, these
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A perfectly plastic material or Stain Venant material is the one where the stress cannot rise above the yield stress and strain can continue to accumulate without any change in the stress level. Rocks do not generally behave as perfectly Plastic during Plastic deformation. Strain rate is likely to have an effect, and stress level
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The Outer or Sub-Himalaya is the main zone of the Cenozoic sedimentation. The Paleogene-Neogene sequences of the Sub-Himalaya occurs in the northern states of India. The Subathu, Murree and Dharamshala are the main Paleogene groups of rocks where Siwalik is a major Neogene group of Cenozoic sequences of the Sub-Himalaya. Other deposits belongs to the
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