Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ): Largest manganese nodule region

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is a vast abyssal plain in the central Pacific Ocean, covering approximately 6 million square kilometers (about the size of Europe). It is one of the richest sources of manganese nodules, containing high concentrations of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn)—all critical for modern technology and renewable energy.

Location and Geography

• It is situated between Hawaii and Mexico.
• Extends from the Clarion Fracture Zone (northwest) to the Clipperton Fracture Zone (southeast).
• Depth: 4,000–6,000 meters (deep abyssal plain).

Importance of CCZ

• It is the richest concentration of manganese nodules on Earth.
• These nodules are rich in key metals (especially for electric vehicles, batteries and green energy).

Deep Sea Mining in CCZ

• The international Seabed Authority (ISA) regulates mining activities in CCZ.
• Over 17 exploration contracts have been issued to companies from different countries of China, Japan, Russia, UK, France, Germany, South Korea and others.
• Mining companies plan to use autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV’s) & dredgers to collect nodules.

Environmental Concerns

1. Ecosystem Disruption : CCZ has unique deep-sea ecosystems (e.g., sponge gardens, deep-sea corals, and rare microbial life).
   • Mining may destroy seafloor habitats that take millions of years to recover.
2. Sediment Plumes : Mining could stir up fine sediments, smothering marine organisms and affecting deep-sea food chains.
3. Lack of Knowledge : Scientists still don’t fully understand the CCZ ecosystem, raising concerns about irreversible damage.